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Mission San Diego de Alcalá
Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá was the first Franciscan mission in the Las Californias Province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Located in present-day San Diego, California, it was founded on July 16, 1769 by Spanish friar Junípero Serra in an area long inhabited by the Kumeyaay Indians. The mission and the surrounding area were named for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as ''San Diego''. The mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California. San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region's first public execution, in 1778. Father Luís Jayme, "California's First Christian Martyr," lies entombed beneath the chancel floor. The current church is the fourth to stand on this location. The Mission is a National Historic Landmark.〔
==History==
The former Spanish settlement at the Kumeyaay's ''Nipawai'' lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native society commonly known as the ''Diegueño'';〔Kroeber 1925, p. 883: Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 (exclusive of those in Baja California).〕 the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá.〔As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered arthas, the appellation ''Diegueño'' does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.〕 Relatively, much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who documented his observations of life in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October 1542.〔Yenne, p. 8〕 Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, is credited with the discovery of San Diego Bay. On the evening of September 28, 1542 the ships ''San Salvador'' and ''Victoria'' sailed into the harbor, whereupon Cabrillo christened it "''San Miguel''."〔Engelhardt 1920, p. 3: September 28 was the eve of the "Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael."〕 During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives. Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site. Under Vizcaíno's command the ''San Diego'', ''Santo Tomás'', and frigate ''Tres Reyes'' dropped anchor on November 10, 1602, and the port was renamed "''San Diego de Alcalá''."〔Engelhardt 1920, pp. 6–9: November 10 was the eve of "St. Martin's Day".〕〔Davidson, p. 2: "''Sebastian Vizcaino, entering November 11–12, 1602, first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port''."〕
It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego. Ever since the voyages of Christopher Columbus, the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in ''Nueva España'' ("New Spain") to Roman Catholicism to save souls, and in part, to facilitate colonization of these lands. However, it was not until 1741—the time of the Vitus Bering expedition, when the territorial ambitions of Tsarist Russia towards North America became known—that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California.〔Morrison, p. 214〕
In 1769, ''Visitador General'' José de Gálvez sent the expedition of Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà to found missions and presidios at San Diego and Monterey (see Timeline of the Portolà expedition), thereby securing Spain's claim to the Pacific Coast harbors recommended by Cabrillo and Vizcaino.〔Yenne, p. 10〕 Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot, while a pair of packet ships (bearing supplies) traveled up the coast from the Baja California Peninsula.〔Engelhardt 1920, p. 9〕〔Yenne, p. 10: In January, 1769 the ''San Carlos'' departed Baya de San Barnabé, followed a month later by the ''San Antonio'', which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas. A third vessel, the ''San José'', left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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